FDA Fast Track Designation for EO2463

Last week, the FDA grated Fast Track designation for a new immunotherapy treatment called EO2463. (It will probably get a cooler name soon.)

Some reminders before we go any further: Fast Track designation means that a proposed treatment has the potential to do something new, and so it gets extra help from the FDA to help it through the approval process. Its a way of trying to get treatment to a group that has great need for treatment. In this case, that group is Follicular Lymphoma patients. (The news article about this is not clear about the specific population of FL patients, though the National Cancer Institute page for the clinical trial specifies relapsed/refractory patients with FL and some other indolent blood cancers.)

 Immunotherapy is a group of treatments (like chemotherapy is a group of treatments) that uses the body's immune system to work against the cancer. Our immune systems are usually good at fighting off invaders, like bacteria or viruses). But cancer cells aren't invaders -- they are our own cells, but they refuse to die like they are supposed to. So immunotherapy treatments usually work by either changing our immune cells to find and fight the cancer c ells, or changing the cancer cells so they can be recognized by our immune system as invaders.

EO2463 is a very interesting treatment that takes a unique approach to identifying tumor cells. It's a little complicated, so I've tried to do a bunch of reading and watching to help me understand it. (This video helped.)

The company that makes the treatment focuses on bacteria in our guts. Gut bacteria is kind of big news these days, as researchers are looking into all kinds of ways that our gut biome affects our health. (Though not all of those claims have solid evidence.)

The role of gut bacteria in this treatment is different. The company uses Artificial Intelligence to identify over 20 million different proteins that exist in the gut. Their AI program can help identify proteins that are very similar to those that exist in the body, especially proteins that exist on certain cancer cells.

That distinction between the gut bacteria proteins and the human proteins is important. The bacteria in our gut play important roles, but they aren't meant to leave the gut. If they do leave it, our immune system takes over. Immune cells are meant to recognize and fight off invaders (like bacteria or viruses). When they encounter one, they eliminate it and then remember it, so if they encounter it again, they can eliminate it very quickly. Gut bacteria are included on that list of invaders. As long as they stay in the gut, they are welcome to hang around, and the immune system leaves them alone.

So we have two things happening here. First, you have gut bacteria that are considered invaders if they leave the gut. Second, you have proteins from the bacteria that are very similar to proteins on cancer cells, like the CD20 protein that is on the surface of Follicular Lymphoma B cells. 

When you put those two things together, you can develop a cancer treatment. Create a treatment that targets CD20 (and some other proteins) but create it in such a way that it tells immune cells that the cancer cell is really a bacteria that escaped from the gut and needs to be eliminated. Because the treatment is engaging an immune cell called a Memory T Cell, which remembers invaders, the thinking is that the treatment will be long-lasting.

[A note to you language nerds: I know that "bacteria" is the plural form of "bacterium," but I'm calling a single one a "bacteria" anyway because I think it sounds better. Shakespeare made up words, too, and it's my blog, so I do what I want.] 

The Fast Track designation was earned by the results of the SIDNEY clinical trial. This is a phase 2 trial involving 60 patients split into 4 cohorts. As I said above, there are several different blood cancers being targeted in the trial. Patients are given EO2463 on its own and in combination with R-Squared or one of its components, Rituxan or Lenalidomide/Revlimid. 

The early results are promising. The first 13 patients have an Overall Response rate of 46%, with no severe side effects. The makers of the treatment see this as a possible alternative to watching and waiting (though it's not clear if they are targeting untreated patients.)

I have to say, I'm kind of fascinated by the approach, using AI to identify possible targets based on gut bacteria. But there are also lots of questions to be answered -- as is always the case with a phase 2 study. My guess is that there will be more information at the ASH conference, which is happening in less than 2 months. 

But Fast Track is no guarantee of success. This is definitely one that I will keep an eye on.

 

Stem Cell Transplant vs CAR-T, with a Cannoli

If you read the title of this post and are now very confused, I'll explain below. 

But before I get to that, I want to remind everyone to take the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation's annual survey. The survey will be available until October 19, so you only have a few more days from when I am posting this. It's a chance to have your voice heard - the FLF shares results with oncology researchers and clinicians, so together, we can help them understand the things that think are important for them to know about patients. 

The survey is anonymous and shouldn't take more than 10 minutes to complete. Thanks for your help with this.

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Now, about the title of this post:

CancerNetwork is the web site for the medical journal Oncology, and they sponsor a series of recorded debates called CancerNetwork Face-Offs. In these events, cancer experts are divided into two teams. Each team takes one side of a particular controversy in oncology, and makes a presentation about it. The idea is make these events educational, but also "fun" -- as much fun as anyone can have in discussing cancer.

(To be clear, I am all for fun, even in discussing cancer. It's obviously a serious business, but I can appreciate that people who are around cancer patients all day might want to add a little levity to their jobs.)

Part of the fun is in coming up with team names. So, for instance, in one Face-Off, two teams of oncologists from Chicago debate about....well, let me just copy the description at the start of the web page: "Panelists discuss various aspects of lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, including trial results on erythropoiesis-stimulating agent timing and novel agents like luspatercept and imetelstat, treatment sequencing and timing debates, personalized approaches based on erythropoietin levels, and complex case management balancing immediate symptom relief with long-term strategies."

The fun part? One team is named after the Chicago Cubs, and the other after the Chicago White Sox, the city's two Major League Baseball teams.  

Now, back once again to the bog post title. Some of these Face-Offs include videos of the debates. But their most recent one included a transcript of the event, with the title "Boston’s Best Did Not 'Leave the Cannoli' in Battle of Lymphoma Top Trials."

This one caught my eye for three reasons. First, it was about Follicualr Lymphoma, at least partially. Second, the oncologists on the panels were all from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston (the city where I was born and raised). And finally, the teams were named after two well-known pastry shops in Boston, Modern and Mike's. So the "leave the cannoli" is related to the pastry shops, but also is a reference to a famous lime from the movie The Godfather.  It's one of my favorite films. So how could I not write about this?

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That's a long introduction to a post, I know. I suppose you want some details of the actual face-off.

The two teams debated whether or not CAR-T was "better"than Autologous Stem Cell Transplant. It isn't really about these two treatments going head-to-head, but rather about the two teams doing their best to present information in a way that is both fun and informative.

The teams discuss the results of some recent clinical trial updates, look at case studies of patients, and then whether ASCT or CAR-T is better.

First of all, I'm not sure this is a fair fight. The last time I wrote about Stem Cell Transplants in any serious way was almost 10 years ago, and even then, the subject was about whether or not they were still a good option.  And there has been so much progress in FL treatments since then, it's hard to imagine anyone could make a strong case for Auto SCT over CAR-T.

If you're fairly new to all of this, and don't know what a Stem Cell Transplant is, here's a quick description: Patients who receive a Stem Cell Transplant receive very aggressive chemotherapy, aggressive enough that it pretty much destroys their immune system. It can take up to 30 days for the body to recover that system. But that leaves the patients vulnerable to all kinds of problems, since they have no defense against even the weakest virus. So they are given a Stem Cell Transplant, putting immature immune cells into their bodies that can grow into immune cells quickly -- maybe within 7 days -- leaving them much less vulnerable.

There are two types of Stem Cell Transplants. An Autologous STC uses the patients own stem cells. Tey are removed from the body before the patient receives chemo and then put back in after the treatment. An Allogeneic SCT uses immune cells from a donor that are a match. The danger with an Allo STC is that the patient's body can reject someone else's cells. The danger with the Auto STC is that those removed cells might have some cancer in them. Auto STC is considered less aggressive, but Allo STC usually had a greater chance of a cure, when it was successful.

(A Bone Marrow Transplant is very similar to a Stem Cell Transplant. The same dangers apply.) 

You can see how an Auto STC could be compared to CAR-T. They both involve removing immune cells and then putting them back in later. But the CAR-T cells are changed in ways that help them to locate cancer cells and remove them them. The Auto STC cells are just going back to their job of being immune cells - they aren't necessarily targeting cancer cells.

It's an interesting debate overall, even if the Auto STC folks had the harder job.  

And to be clear, Stem Cell Transplants are still used. There's no definitive answer when it comes to Lymphoma treatment. Every patient's needs (including their financial situation) has to play a part in the individual decisions about treatment. CAR-T is great, but it's not the best choice for everyone.

Cancer Nerds will enjoy reading this transcript. And whether or not this is your idea of "fun," it is always interesting to me to see experts delve deeply into a topic, present some interesting data, show how it applies to real people, and help us stay informed.

 

Mental Health Awareness Day

Today is World Mental Health Day. 

I found out about it because a notice popped up on my computer. The notice featured a green ribbon, which is the color for mental health awareness.

Of course, Lymphoma awareness uses a lime green ribbon. But the mental health ribbon looked kind of lime-like on my computer, so I had to look it up and make sure we weren't sharing the same ribbon color. These things are important. (Not really.) 

But when I saw that the two ribbons might be the same color, it seemed very appropriate to me, particularly for Follicular Lymphoma. As I have said for a long time, for many FL patients, the symptoms and side effects of the disease are not physical, but emotional, mental, and spiritual. Lots of us were asymptomatic at diagnosis, and maybe stayed that way for a long time. For me, it was two years of watching and waiting.

But even with no or few physical symptoms, there are plenty of mental ones during that watch and wait period.  (The Follicular Lymphoma Foundation just did a webinar on Watching and Waiting, and of course, issues related to mental health were a major part of of the discussion.) 

And there are plenty of other times during our lives as FL patients when mental health issues are important. Certainly at diagnosis. It's such a surprise for many of us, especially when we're asymptomatic. I've spoken with so many FL patients who say they were in the best shape of their lives when they were diagnosed -- again, myself included. That shock takes some time and effort to deal with. Even those of us who suspected that there was an issue still have the shock of having it conformed. "You have cancer" might be the scariest words in the world, despite all of the advances in cancer research in the last 20 years. 

And then comes treatment, and all of the mental health issues that come with it. Uncertainty over whether it will work, or whether there might have been a better choice. Fear of physical side effects -- still a huge concern for so many patients. And the mental health issues that come with being physically weakened by treatment, and having to worry about finances and every day life.

And then, post-treatment. the fear of recurrence. Even that one is different for us as FL patients. We've been told since diagnosis that the disease is incurable, and chances are good that it will return even after successful treatment. Dealing with that possible return has its own special mental health challenges.

And then, there's the mental health challenge that I think doesn't get talked about enough -- guilt. There's the survivor's guilt of going through treatment. There's the guilt that comes from being in an online group and realizing that others have had it much rougher than you have, and wondering if yu have anything to tell them that's helpful.

I'm not listing all of these mental health challenges because it's in any way fun. 

I'm listing them because I've been through each of them myself.I think there is something very special about reading or hearing about someone else's problems and realizing that you are not alone in having that problem. If, for example, you feel some kind of guilt related to your FL, know that you're not the only one. There's some comfort in that.

Which is ultimately what "awareness" days are about. They're about a collective understanding of something, and hopefully, a collective resolve to do something about it.

The FL Community Podcast's most recent episode is on mental health issues. It's worth listening to; you'll get an even greater sense that you're not alone in feeling what you're feeling.

And remember that if having Follicular Lymphoma gets a little overwhelming sometimes, that's OK. There are places online to have conversations with other FL patients and to get some reassurance. (And I'm always happy to listen, and to offer advice if I'm asked for it. I respond to every email that I receive.) And if talking it through isn't working, talk to your oncologist's office for advice on mental health professionals that might be affiliated with your cancer center. It's ok to seek professional help if that's what you need. 

I hope everyone has a great day today. Do something nice for yourself. 

 

Acalabrutinib + R-Squared for FL

The journal Nature Communications published an article a couple of months ago (I know, I'm behind on things) called "Frontline acalabrutinib, lenalidomide and rituximab for advanced stage follicular lymphoma with high tumor burden: phase II trial." 

It's a follow-up on some research that was presented at the ASH conference in 2023.  

In this study, researchers added Alcalabrutinib (also known as Calquence) to R-Squared. Alcalabrutinib is a BTK inhibitor. Just like other inhibitors, its job is to inhibit, or stop, something from happening -- in this case, Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, an enzyme that is necessary for B cells to develop. B cells are, of course, the type of immune cell that includes the cells that can lead to Follicular Lymphoma. And that's what happens with a BTK inhibitor. The BTK enzyme does its job too well and won't die off, meaning the B cell won't die, leading to cancer. A BTK inhibitor stops that process and lets the cell die the way it is supposed to. 

Alcalabrutinib is already approved for some other blood cancers -- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia.  So it makes sense that researchers are trying it with FL. However, there have also been several other BTK inhibitors that are effective with other blood cancers, but not FL.

The presentation at ASH in 2023 showed that this combination of Alcalabrutinib was very promising. The research is from a phase 2 clinical trial with 24 patients (a pretty small number). The patients had not received any treatment yet. The Overall Response Rate was 100%, and the Complete Response was 92%. After 26 months, 6 patients had their disease progress. The most common serious side effects (grade 3-4) were low neutraphils, a type of white blood cell, 58%, liver function test elevation (17%), infection (12.5%; 2 out of 3 related to COVID19), anemia (8%) and skin rash (8%). 

The Nature article was meant as a follow-up, looking at some longer-term data. The researchers were especially interested in what they call CR30 -- how many patients were able to maintain their Complete Response after 30 months. For them the CR30 rate was 65%. I'm not sure how that compares to some other treatments, but it seems positive. (This is a single-arm study, meaning they didn't split the patients into two groups so they could compare two treatments directly).   

After a median follow-up of 43 months, the median PFS (Progression-Free  Survival) was not reached, meaning more than half of the patients had not progressed. The PFS rate after 2 years was 79%, and for 3 years it was 62%. The POD24 rate was 17%, meaning 17% of patients who had a response had their disease return within 24 months. About 20% of FL patients are POD24, so this seems roughly in line with that number. 

Overall, the numbers look very promising. It will be interesting to see how this goes in a larger phase 3 trial.

I think what's really interesting, though, is the number of articles I've seen recently that look at R-squared triplets -- combinations if Rituxan, Revlimid (Lenalidomide), and something else. It makes sense. R-Squared has been shown to be as effective as traditional chemotherapy, but with a different set of side effects. SO instead of combining a single agent with chemo, researchers are hoping a combination with R-squared will increase effectiveness, hopefully without increasing side effects. That seems to be the case with this triplet, making a BTK inhibitor more effective than it has been on its own.

 Time will tell. 

Take This Survey about Follicular Lymphoma!

The Follicular Lymphoma Foundation is conducting its annual global patient survey, and I strongly encourage you to take a few minutes to respond.

The survey is anonymous, and takes about 5-10 minutes to complete.

The FLF conducts a survey every year to get input from FL patients from around the world about their experiences. They share the results on their website for patients to look at, but they also share the results with oncologists and other medical professions at medical conferences. A few months ago, they shared results from one of their surveys at ASCO, one of the largest gatherings of oncologists in the world. By telling oncologists about how patients and caregivers prioritize treatment decisions, they were able to show that doctors and patients think differently. It's a great way to have the voice of patients heard, and potentially change the way oncologists do their jobs. 

This survey asks questions about experiences with treatment, and about the kinds of emotional issues that FL patients have to deal with. It's very valuable information -- the kinds of information that don't usually show up on surveys.

(Which reminds me -- the latest edition of The FL Community Podcast is out now, and it's on "Mental Health and FL: Coping with the Psychological Impact of Cancer." I haven't had  chance to watch/listen yet, but I'm guessing Dr. Paul, one of the hosts, will have lots of good things to say, since he's a mental health professional, and Nicky and Nicola have had plenty of experiences to share as well.)

You can click here to find out a little more about the survey and click on the link to begin.

A couple of things to help you get oriented (I already took the survey, so I know these things):

You can take it in English or Spanish.

Some questions ask you to choose one item, and when you choose it, it will automatically move to the next question. 

If you need to go back and change an answer, there are two small arrow in the lower right corner that will let you do that. Don't feel like you can't go back and forth just because the survey moved forward on its own. 

I hope you will take a few minutes and complete the survey before it closes on October 19. A large response will benefit all of us.

 

 

Biomarkers in Stage 1 and 2 FL (plus, a chance to party!)

Interesting research this week from the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. An article describes research that may have found some biomarkers in patients with Stage 1 and 2 Follicular Lymphoma.

A little background. More than half of FL patients are diagnosed with stage 3 or 4 disease. Stage 1 and 2 certainly happen, but less often than advanced disease. Stage 1 in particular is located in on place, meaning it is easier to treat with traditional radiation. Some FL patients who receive radiation don't need further treatment, and some will eventually relapse.

The article is called "Proteomic Profiling of Limited-Stage Follicular Lymphoma Reveals Differentially Expressed Proteins Linked to Disease Progression Post-Radiation Therapy." It looks at a fairly small number of patients -- just 26 -- with stage 1 or stage 2 FL, who were treated with radiation. Nine of those patients experienced progression of disease, while the other 17 did not. With two groups to compare, the researchers used "high-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomics" to examine biopsies from the 26 patients. Basiclaly, this is a method that helps researchers separate out and identify the different substances in a sample like a biopsy.

The process found a total of 1940 different proteins in the biopsy samples, with 78 of them showing up differently in the two groups. Researchers already know what function many of these proteins serve in the body. They may be part of the path of proteins and enzymes and genes that make a cell grow and keep it from dying when it is supposed to, resulting in cancer. Perhaps not surprisingly, the researchers found that proteins that do these things were not as present in the samples from the patients whose disease did not progress.

They found two particular proteins, CASP4 and CASP8, that seemed to correlate with shorter Progression-Free Survival. They point to other research that found the same proteins in advanced stage (stage 3 and 4) FL patients. 

They hope that further research will show that CASP4 and CASP8 are reliable biomarkers for predicting disease progression in FL. That will take some time to test out, but it would allow doctors to potentially recommend more effective treatments to individual patients.

This is a small study (26 patients) involving a limited population (FL patients with stage 1 or 2 disease that have received radiation), but it has larger implications. It's another attempt to identify biomarkers to help guide doctors and predict how a disease might behave. Identifying biomarkers seems to be more and more of a priority for the Lymphoma community lately -- they were brought up by Dr. Smith in the FLF's midyear report, and are important to the identification of potential FL subtypes, to give a couple of recent examples. It might not be that the community is paying more attention to it. It could be that there has been more success lately, and that's why we're seeing more about it.

Whatever the case, it's a cause for hope. 

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I want to make a quick mention of a Follicular Lymphoma-related event happening in November.

I know many of you are part of the Living with Follicular Lymphoma group on Facebook. It's a good group to be a part of, and I check in every day. It has almost 15,000 members from around the world. 

On November 11, they will be celebrating their 10th anniversary with a big party in London, sponsored by the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation. And everyone is invited. 

There is currently a poll being conducted in the Facebook group asking if people might be able to attend. If you are in the UK or nearby, or are just looking for an excuse to go to London, join the group and let them know so they have an idea of how big a party this will be.

Unfortunately, I cannot make it -- a tough time of year for me to travel. But if it had been at another time, I would have bought my plane ticket.

I can't tell you how incredibly valuable this experience is going to be for the people who are able to go. It is so very rare that we get to meet with people who have had the same experience with FL as we have had. There is something so uplifting about talking to someone who can smile and say "I know exactly how you feel!" and you know that they really do. If it's at all possible for you to be there in London, then try to be there. It will be a life-changing experience for you.

 Take care, everyone.

 

 

FLF's Midyear Research Update

The Follicular Lymphoma Foundation just published their mid-year update on Follicular Lymphoma Research. It's a fairly short document, and fairly easy to read (it's written by Dr. Mitchell Smith, the FLF's Chief Medical Officer, who always does a  good job of explaining things well).

Most importantly, it's very hopeful, pointing out the progress that's being made in FL research. 

I want to point out a few things that I found interesting, though I encourage you to read the report yourself.

First, I liked this line near the beginning: referring to the name of their symposium at the ICML conference in Switzerland this year, "Charting Our Progress Towards a Cure in FL," Dr. Smith says the title "reflects how the research community is increasingly convinced that FL will be curable -- the question is how and in what time frame."

That's a very hopeful thing to say!

I personally don't like to talk about cures for FL, because I've been dealing with it for over 17 years and I don't like to get my hopes up. The whole idea of a cure is complicated, given how hard it can be to measure a cure. But I do believe it will be considered curable one day, as the FLF report says, and it's very encouraging to hear that the Lymphoma community is feeling that same way. 

The report looks at three different types of research: from clinical trials that test out treatments; from translational developments that looks at biomarkers that might predict how a patient will react to treatment; and from biological research that identifies new information about how cancer cells stay alive and grow, which may open up new targets for treatments.

The clinical trials that Dr. Smith mentions are things like CAR-T and bispecifics. CAR-T is "maturing," meaning it's been around for a while so we're getting more information about how it works long-term. For example, about 50% of patients who were given one type of CAR-T remained progression free after 4 years, including about 45% who were POD24. That's great. I remember early research that had about 33% of CAR-T patients having a long-lasting response. It's improving.

Dr. Smith also points out that bispecifics don't have as much long-term data to look at, but what is there is encouraging, especially when they are combined with R-Squared. In general, there are more and more attempts at chemotherapy-free combinations, and more success with them.

One very interesting thing that he mentioned was the approval of Tafasitamab combined with R-Squared. The effectiveness is greater than most treatments currently available. However, he says, it might not be used quite as much as it could be because it requires "frequent hospital visits" and could be less effective than newer bispecifics like Epcotamab + R-squared. (As you may know, I've been thinking lately about how often Tafasitamab will be used and what might complicate that use.)

The clinical trial results are always the most interesting, because they are the easiest to understand and also the research that is closest to showing up in the doctor's office. But the more biology-based research is just as important, because they are the first steps in that clinical trial research. He mentions the research that has proposed three different subtypes of FL as well as research on the Tumor Microenvironment in FL (the stuff that surrounds the cancer cells, not just the cells themselves). 

He ends with another very hopeful quote about the state of FL research and the search for a cure:

 "It is clear the FL research community is moving from cautious optimism to genune confidence that cure is an attainable goal. By uniting scientific innovation, collaborative trials, and patient advocacy, we can accelerate the shift from managing FL as a chronic disease to eliminating it altogether. We are advancing faster than ever -- and with ongoing collaboration, the horizen for those living with FL grows ever more hopeful." 

Some excellent words to hang on to.

I encourage you to read the full report. You can find it here.

Stay hopeful, everyone.

 

Tai Chi and Qi Gong

I started a Tai Chi and Qi Gong class last night!

The exclamation point is there because I'm kind of excited about it. I've been fascinated by Tai Chi for a long time. My wife and I tried to do an online class a few years ago, and some of the moves were just too difficult to imitate when we could not have an instructor there to guide us. I finally gave in and signed up for an adult education class that meets on Monday nights. 

For those of you who aren't familiar with these things, Tai Chi began as a martial art, and it's easy to imagine some of the movements as blocking or parrying an opponent. But these days, it's mostly used as a health practice. It involves lots of slow, flowing movements, and it makes you very aware of your own body. Older folks are sometimes encouraged to try Tai Chi because it is fairly easy on the joints, and it helps improve balance.

Qi Gong is related, and even older. It also involves slow movements, deep breathing, and awareness of your own body. You can learn more about Tai Chi and Qi Gong and their health benefits at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. And if anyone out there is a serious practitioner of one or both and explain things in better detail, please add to the comments.

The fact that they are often parts of Complementary and Integrative Medicine is certainly something that caught my attention. In fact, after the class was over, the instructor encouraged us to practice by watching videos that he had made for my cancer center's Integrative Medicine office. He does a lot of work with cancer patients in helping them find ways to move their bodies that are not too physically stressful. I didn't sign up for the class because of his cancer connection, though that was really nice to hear about.

 All of this reminded me of an article I had seen recently called "What are the optimal mind-body therapies for cancer-related pain? A network meta-analysis," published in the journal Translation Exercise Biomedicine. The authors looked at previous studies of mind-body therapies, practices like Tai Chi, Yoga, and guided meditation that help people become more aware of their bodies. They were interested in how those practices help cancer patients manage pain. The study found that Qi Gong and Tai Chi were best at helping patients manage pain. 

But perhaps more significantly, they found that many of the studies they looked at really didn't find much difference in the practices. All of them were effective in helping manage pain: Qi Gog, Tai Chi, Yoga, Baduanjin (a type of Qi Gong), Dance, conventional exercise, and health education.

I think the larger point is that some type of movement is helpful, and there are plenty of ways to exercise without going to a gym (Chair Yoga is becoming very popular, I know). It's a matter of finding the thing that speaks to you and trying them out until you find one that makes you feel good.

And really, it's about feeling good. I learned very quickly last night how little I use my shoulders these days. I had shoulder surgery about 10 years ago and can't do the type of weight lifting I used to enjoy. An hour of slow movement was enough to make me very aware of my shoulders. I wasn't ever in pain, but my arms got very tired very quickly. My legs were great -- my wife and I walk a couple of miles every morning. But my arms could use some work. I assume they will feel a little better every week. I know, at this point in my life, that bad things don't last forever.

All of this is, of course, related to Survivorship -- the way we live out lives after diagnosis and treatment. I want to be able to do the things I want to do, for a very long time. When my wife and I went on a river cruise earlier this summer,  we met some very active folks who were 10 or even 20 years older than us. We want to be like them and keep moving forward.

So I encourage you to find the things that get you moving ad make you feel good. It certainly doesn't have to be Tai Chi. That's my thing. Even my wife declines to join me in that -- she signed up for a yoga class instead. Which is good for her. 

Just keep moving forward.

Three Factors to Consider in Choosing R/R Treatment

The website Oncology News Central posted an interview a few days ago with Dr. Ahmit Mehta, a Lymphoma specialist at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. It's called "Three Factors to Consider in Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma Care." It runs a s a video, but there is also a transcript if you'd rather read, or you need to translate. The website is mostly aimed at oncologists and other health professionals, but I have to say, Dr. Mehta does a fantastic job of explaining things very clearly. I don't know if anyone out there is a patient of his, but I'd bet he's just as good at explaining things in person. 

I thought it was an interesting interview for two reasons. 

First, it focuses a lot on Tafasitamab, which I talked about in my last post. So it's kind of a timely video that way.

Second, he discusses the factors that he considers when he needs to help a patient make a decision about treating Relapsed or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma. Let's look at that first, since it's the title of the video.

When he was asked how he makes decisions about treating R/R FL, he said, "When the patient relapses, at that time, there are multiple factors we consider for second-line treatment. Usually, the way I think in my mind, is: Patient-related factors are number one, disease-related factors are number two, and number three (that I’ve added recently) is center-related factors."

I find this really interesting. I've seen lots of general descriptions about the kinds of factors that go into those decisions, but never in quite this way.   

First, the patient-related factors. (It's nice that he puts patients first, and not surprising if you watch the whole video). These factors include things like comorbidities -- the other health problems that a patient might have. Certain problems will mean that particular treatments are not a good idea, since their side effects can be aggressive and create even more new health problems. Second are the disease-related factors. Is the patient POD24 or showing B symptoms? An aggressive relapse might mean a more aggressive treatment recommendation.

And third is "center-related" factors. I thought it was really interesting that he added this consideration recently. Not all treatment centers offer every treatment, and something like a bispecific or CAR-T are only offered at a limited number of centers. If a patient will have a hard time getting to a treatment center, or staying at the center for a couple of weeks to be evaluated, then a different treatment might be considered instead.

Now, any decent doctor would consider all of those factors as well, and I don't think Dr. Mehta came up with all of that on his own. But I do appreciate the way he breaks it down, and how he shows the things that he prioritizes. As we consider our own treatment choices, those same factors are what we should be thinking about, or at least be prepared to ask questions about. 

The second interesting thing that Dr. Mehta talked about was Tafasitamab. As I wrote about in my last post, there are lots of Lymphoma specialists who are very excited about the newly-approved combination of Tafasitamab and R-Squared (Rituxan + Revlimid). Dr. Mehta is one of those specialists. He sees very real possibilities for Tafa-R-squared, as he calls it, becoming a very popular choice for R/R FL.

One thing I thought was interesting was that he said R-Squared was currently the most popular second-line treatment for FL. I haven't seen evidence of that, though I'm also not someone whose job it is to know such a thing. But anecdotally, it seems to me that lots of FL patients are receiving R-CHOP or B-R, especially if they didn't receive chemo as a first line treatment, as well as CAR-T or bispecifics. I wonder sometimes if doctors who work in academic medical centers, where cutting-edge treatments are developed and tested, have a different perspective on things than doctors in community clinics, where old habits tend to rule. 

Or maybe Dr. Mehta is correct, and more and more doctors are using R-squared as a second treatment for R/R FL. And if that's true, then the jump to Tafasitamab shouldn't be hard. (But, as I said last time, I have my doubts, still.) 

Overall, it's a very good video, and those of us who have already had treatment would find it very interesting. The video is about 15 minutes long, and as I said, there's a transcript available as well.

I hope you get a chance to watch or read.

Tafasitamab: New Standard for R/R FL?

I've been seeing some discussion online lately about Tafasitamab, and its promise for treating Follicular Lymphoma. There are a few people who think it could become the standard treatment for Relapsed/Refractory FL, given the success of the clinical trial that led to is approval a couple of months ago.

But all of the positive talk got me thinking more about how certain treatments get to be so popular, and why others never really seem to catch on.

Part of my thinking this ways comes from a conversation I had recently with someone about RIT (RadioImmunoTherapy). This type of treatment involves taking a monoclonal antibody (something like Rituxan) and adding a tiny amount of radiation to it. Because the antibody seeks out a protein on the lymphoma cell, the radiation gets delivered right where it is needed, so there is less damage to cells that don't need the treatment. It was all the rage when I was first diagnosed, and I know a few people who received it many years ago and who a very long remission because of it.

However, it never really caught on the United States. The rules for a treatment like this required that an expert in nuclear medicine administer it, rather than a regular clinical oncologist. To be able administer it, the doctor would need 400 hours of training (if I am remembering this correctly). So very few people received RIT, even though trials showed it was very effective and there were a few different options available.

It's an example of a good treatment not getting to patients who would benefit from it.

So when I see the headlines about Tafasitamab -- that it might be a "game changer," or a "new horizon," or a "new standard," I have to wonder if it's really going to happen. (The "game changer" headline comes from a website that uses that phrase once a week about some new cancer treatment. The articles are generated by Artificial Intelligence. That's a whole different blog post.)

The reasons for excitement over Tafasitamab are pretty clear. In the InMIND trial, the phase 3 trial that led to its approval, 548 patients were either given R-Squared (Rituxan + Revlimid/Lenolidomide) or R-Squared plus Tafasitamab. The results were great. The Tafasitamab group had an 83.5% Overall Response Rate (versus 72.4% for the R-squared group) including a 49.4% Complete Response (versus 39.8%) and a median Progression Free Survival of 22.4 months (versus 13.9 months for R-Squared). Safety was comparable to R-Squared alone. You can find a good summary of all of the side effects here.

But here's why I'm a little skeptical about Tafasitamab becoming a new standard. One of the very enthusiastic pieces I saw about this said that this new combo would be a potential replacement for patients who would be eligible for R-Squared. This makes sense, given that it was shown to be more effective than R-squared. But how many patients would be given R-Squared in the first place?

About a year ago, the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation conducted a survey of FL patients from 49 different countries. One question asked which treatments the patient had received. In that survey, only 6.2% of respondents had received R-Squared. That's not a huge number. But if that's the ceiling -- if the Tafasitamab combination is going to replace it for some patients -- I'm not sure how much of a "game changer" it's going to be for patients in general.

I want to be clear about a couple of things. 

First, and most importantly, I'm not a doctor. I remind you all of that every now and then because it's really important for you to remember. I have not formal medical training. I'm not an oncologist or a cancer biologist (or a scientist of any kind). I'm a Cancer Nerd -- a patient who reads a lot, and then thinks and rights about what I read. So why listen to me? Good question. The most important person to listen to is your own doctor. 

Second, I want to be clear that I'm not anti-Tafasitamab in any way. Just the opposite. I hope it gets to the patients who would benefit from it. I still have a lot of frustration over RIT. I think it could have helped a lot of people 15 years ago, and it was frustrating t see it not being used. (Search for "RadioImmunoTherapy" on this blog and you can see my long history of frustrated posts.)

But take another look at the FLF survey. The treatment type that most patients have had? Chemotherapy, with 60%.  

And that's not necessarily bad (it can be very effective) and it's also explainable in some ways (FL patients can live for a very long time and treatment types were limited 15-20 years ago).

But I also think it's true that FL patients can be over-treated, given more aggressive treatments than necessary. (I'm getting this from a couple of conversations with oncologists.) People get chemo who don't need chemo, and maybe could do just as well with something like Rituxan.

So why so much chemo? I  read a comment from an oncologist once that doctors are creatures of habit. If they have always recommended chemotherapy, and it has worked well, there's not much reason to change to something else. It's hard to argue with that logic. As a patient, if my doctor said "My previous patients have done really well with Bendamustine," I probably wouldn't argue.

But I think that's ultimately what this is all about. Very few of us patients argue.

And I don't really mean "argue," as in getting mad at the doctor. I mean, few of us know enough to have a conversation with a doctor that might lead to a different option. Why chemo? What are the other alternatives? Why not them? Can you recommend someone else I can talk to for a second opinion? 

It's not really about arguing so much as asking questions. And that can be hard to do when you've just been told you have cancer. 

But it's what I hope you will do, especially with Relapsed/Refractory FL, when we've had some time to think and learn and perhaps plan. We don't all have the opportunity to get a second opinion, or to question the decisions that a doctor or a health plan make for us. But if we can? That's how change comes, and how good treatments get to people who need them.

Stay informed, and stay well.

 

Happy Lymphoma Awareness Month!

September is Lymphoma awareness month. 

It's Blood Cancer Awareness month, so it's also Leukemia and Myeloma Awareness Month, too. But I think most of us are concerned with Lymphoma, so we'll stick with that.

I always struggle with the idea of "awareness" at this time of year. Like most of you, I'm very aware of Lymphoma -- my own, and of the disease in general. But this month isn't really for us. It's about helping others be more aware of it.

Part of that is encouraging others to be aware of their own bodies. That's a big part of cancer detection -- knowing when something is wrong and then getting it checked out. Lymphoma Canada has a "Know Your Nodes" quiz that's very informative. Take it yourself and encourage others to take it, too.

And if you're comfortable, share your story. You can do that with the people you know, or share it on social media, if that's something you take part in. Or you can share it through the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation's website. 

I think that's very important. There was a time, not too long ago, when people wouldn't even say the word "cancer." It made cancer seem like a shameful thing. That led to all kinds of problems -- people not going to the doctor even if they suspected something was wrong. Isolation after diagnosis and during treatment -- exactly the time when patients needed others. And then the weird gilt that so many of us feel. Silence isn't good, at least in general. But as I said, share your story if you're comfortable doing so. There's no sense in making yourself feel worse by doing something you don't want to do.

And, of course, continue to educate yourself. Learn all you can about the disease. Not everyone wants to do this, and I understand that, too. I had an oncologist who told me that some patients didn't ever want to hear anything about the disease -- just did everything the doctor said. I get that, too. I had a loved one with cancer (not a blood cancer) who just couldn't stand the idea of doing any kind of research, for lots of reasons. But if you're here reading this, you're probably someone who likes to be informed. So keep that up -- keep finding good sources of information about FL and learning what you can. I'm always happy to share what I know on this blog, and to help people be informed, but remember that I'm not a doctor, and the best source of information is your own oncologist.

Still, there's much that we can teach one another, so I always recommend listening to other patients who can provide good information. 

I recommend The FL Community Podcast, which I wrote about last month. Their latest episode is available now. The hosts focus on Managing Treatment Side Effects in this episode, discussing common FL treatments and the typical side effects that come along with each. Nicky, one of the hosts, is a clinical nutritionist, specializing in oncology patients, so she offers some tips on eating well to manage particular side effects. This is a great example of what I mean about awareness -- well-informed patients telling stories and offering advice based on real experience. It's the kind of information that we often forget about when we are planning for future treatments. 

I hope everyone has a great month. Do something extra to increase your own awareness, and to share your knowledge with others. And be sure to do something to treat yourself -- a walk in a favorite place, or a meal that makes you happy, or a day off from work -- something that brings you joy. You deserve it.

Stay well. 

Predicting POD24 in Follicular Lymphoma

 Great research from the journal Blood last week, an article called "Combined PET and ctDNA response as a predictor of POD24 for follicular lymphoma after first-line induction treatment."

Actually, two articles. The second is a commentary on the first, and might be even better, since it gets into why the first one is so important. The second is called "Cracking the POD24 code in follicular lymphoma." 

As you can see from the two titles, this research focuses on POD24, or Progression of Disease within 24 months of receiving immunochemotherapy (like B-R or R-CHOP). When POD24 was first discovered, it was a big deal. There was finally a way to quantify a particular risk, and what that risk was. Basically, a patient labeled as POD24 received immunochemotherapy, responded to it, but had the disease come back within 24 months. (In the way it was originally formulated, POD24 doesn't apply to patients who had other treatments besides immunochemo, but I've seen it used for other treatments anyway.) This matters because POD24 patients have a statistically lower survival rate than the rest of the FL population. About 20% of FL patients are POD24.

The problem is, there is currently no reliable way to predict POD24.  The work I wrote about recently on subtypes might prove useful some day, but for now, there's no way of knowing someone is POD24 until they receive treatment and the disease comes back. Lots of FL researchers say this should be a priority in the FL community (I tend to agree). 

This research is an attempt to predict POD24 after the immunochemotherapy treatment.

As the chart in the second article shows, the tools we have now for predicting POD24 are pretty bad. They're very good at negative prediction, meaning they can tell us which patients are not POD24. But they are bad as positive prediction -- none of them are right more than 50% of the time. It's a flip of the coin. Or a FLIPI of the coin. (I hope at least one of you laughs at that, because it was an excellent joke.)

Two of the tools used to predict POD24 are PET scans and ctDNA MRD. We're probably all familiar with PET scans. They measure how much of a sugar solution is taken up by hungry cancer cells. If you're a patient with FL, you've probably had at least one. 

ctDNA MRD means circulating tumor DNA Minimal Residual Disease. It measures the presence of cancer differently from a PET scan. Using some very sophisticated tools, the amount of cancer can be measured in the blood. It might be so tiny that a PET scan won't detect it. But if there is ctDNA still in the blood after treatment, it means the cancer was not completely taken care of.

As a predictor of POD24, a PET scan after initial treatment was able to predict POD24 about 45% of the time. ctDNA MRA was better -- it could predict POD24 about 58% of the time.

But the researchers in this article innovated by using both tools. When combined, they predicted POD24 about 85% of the time. Obviously, a huge improvement. And any improvement in predicting POD24 is great for new FL patients.

However, as that second article points out, the practical applications of this knowledge are a little complicated.

The problem comes from when the tests are given -- AFTER treatment. 

If a clinical trial was conducted using this information, it would be run by first having a group of patients receive initial treatment -- let's say Bendamustine + Rituxan (to keep it as immunochemotherapy). If any patients were identified as POD24 with the PET + ctDNA tools, they could then be given a second treatment right away, something like CAR-T or a bispecific, both of which have been shown to work very well on relapsed or refractory FL. This could happen before the disease even came back officially (remember, it could take up to 2 years for the disease to show up again).

The problem is, it would be expensive and complicated to set up a clinical trial that gives that set up something as a comparison. In other words, it might be too complicated to show that the testing is better than what we have now.

Ideally, we'd have a biomarker that shows us POD24 BEFORE that initial treatment. To be clear -- this is a step forward. Anything that predicts POD24 accurately, even at this stage, is an excellent thing. Catching the cancer early might save a lot of lives.

It's another small step forward, and moving forward is what we want. 

Stay well.

Seeing Yourself in Others

A few days ago, I had the wonderful opportunity to be in a Zoom meeting with a bunch of other patients with Follicular Lymphoma. There were about 15 people on the call, and my math might be off, but I think we came from and/or lived in 7 different countries. It's never easy to find a time where people from different parts of the world can conveniently meet, but I'm very glad the meeting happened and very grateful that I was invited.

The meeting was set up by the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation, and the participants were Super Supporters, a group of patients who provide insights and ideas for the foundation. 

I won't get into details of the meeting or who was there, but I do want to share how I felt afterwards.

If you've never had the opportunity to meet with a group of FL patients, or cancer patients or survivors in general, I hope you'll seek out such an opportunity. There's something really wonderful about seeing yourself in others, and hearing their stories. Everyone with cancer has a unique story. And that's especially true for a cancer like Follicular Lymphoma, which is known to be heterogeneous, taking many different forms. Everyone on the Zoom call had a different experience. 

But at the same time, there was so much that we had in common. We share the same fears, sometimes the same guilt. Many of us were surprised by our diagnosis. Many of have dealt with the same short-term and long-term side effects. For all our differences, we have a lot in common.

And it's a strange experience to hear your story mirrored in someone else's.

I remember years ago being part of a face-to-face group of cancer patients and survivors giving some feedback on a cancer-related website. Our meeting started with everyone introducing themselves. The introductions went on for a while, with people sharing lots of details about their stories. I remember one patient in particular who had been diagnosed with a particular cancer (not FL), but the diagnosis took several years to finally settle on cancer. This person was told it was a type of cancer, then told it was a different kind of cancer (a less worrisome type), then told it was a third different type (a more worrisome type), and then told that it wasn't cancer after all, but a different condition, and then finally the cancer diagnosis that proved to be correct.

As they told the story, everyone in the room went on this roller coast ride with them. You could see it in everyone's faces, including mine -- hopeful that the diagnosis was the right one, then frustration and sadness that it wasn't, then anger that they had been given wrong information, and then hopefulness again.

I can't describe accurately what it felt like to hear this person's story. Despite all of those negative emotions -- frustration and sadness and anger -- when they finished, I felt this overwhelming positivity. It wasn't just relief that they finally got an accurate diagnosis. It was a feeling of connection -- of knowing that, even though my story was different, we were connected in ways that other people just couldn't be connected. It's not the same to hear a doctor tell someone else they have cancer as it is to hear it said about yourself.

I felt  similar way after the FLF meeting. Everyone;s story was different, and while we didn't share our stories in the introductions, those details came out as we talked over the course of 90 minutes. Cancer can be isolating sometimes. Connection is a great thing.

At the same time, I was keenly aware of the differences. And that was a great thing, too. I've been living with Follicular Lymphoma for over 17 years. I had a very particular experience when I was diagnosed, watching and waiting for 2 years. I was relatively young -- 40 years old. My kids were 6, 8, and 10 years old. I had 6 rounds of Rituxan as treatment. I've dealt with long-term side effects related to my heart and my skin. I'm a Follicular Lymphoma patient advocate, blogger, and freelance writer. I have thought about FL literally every single day since I was diagnosed. What's more, I actively seek out information about FL -- every day. I don't push it out of my head. I pull it in.

And that's all very different from most other patients' experiences. And hearing those differences reminded me of how important it is for me to recognize, think about, and understand those differences in experience, especially if I am going to call myself a Follicular Lymphoma patient advocate. If my goal is to help lots of people, I need to remember that not everyone thinks like me, or acts like me, or wants the same things.

So, as I said near the beginning of this post -- if you've never had the opportunity to meet with a group of FL patients, or cancer patients or survivors in general, I hope you'll seek out such an opportunity.If feels good to share your story, and it feels good to see yourself in others' stories. Maybe that means finding a face-to-face support group at your cancer center or somewhere else near you. Maybe it means finding an online group, as I did when I was first diagnosed. There are some good ones online, including the Facebook groups Living with Follicular Lymphoma, Linfoma Folicular Grupo, and Young Adults Living with Follicular Lymphoma. The new FL Community Podcast is explicitly about sharing stories, and is going to be an excellent resource for a lot of people.

And if you want to share your own story, I recommend going to the FLF website and providing some details. You can read others' stories, too, and maybe see yourself in others. And with a little luck, you'll capture that same feeling of being connected that I have been able to feel. 

As much as I wish it wasn't true for any of us, we're all kind of in this together. We can help each other out even in the smallest of ways.

Take care of yourselves.

New Research on Follicular Lymphoma Subtypes

The journal Cell Reports Medicine has a very interesting article this month, reporting on some research that might have significant implications for those of us with Follicular Lymphoma.

The article is called "Whole-genome sequencing reveals three follicular lymphoma subtypes with distinct cell of origin and patient outcomes."

Basically, the article is suggesting that Follicular Lymphoma is not one disease, but three different subtypes. Those three subtypes have different outcomes, and would require different treatments. The idea that FL isn't just one thing really is not new. As I wrote in reviewing an ASCO presentation, FL is considered heterogeneous -- it shows up in each of us a little differently. That makes it tough to figure out how to treat it. There have been many attempts (including that ASCO research) at finding biomarkers to help with this -- some kind of biological signal that will help guide treatment decisions. So far, those attempts haven't been completely successful.

That's where we are with this research. It describes an attempt at finding gene-based biomarkers that will guide treatment for Follicular Lymphoma.

First, some more background about where the study is coming from. Cancer research took huge steps forward when the human genome was finally mapped about 25 years ago. The human genome is the complete set of all 62 million or so genes in a person's DNA. Mapping out the genes is a first step. Once researchers knew where they were, they could start to examine what happened when they were damages, or switched places, or did things they weren't supposed to do.

Cancer researchers have been trying to use this knowledge to develop new treatments since that time. A well-known example is HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2 is a protein that is the result of someone having extra copies of a specific gene. It can result in a type of aggressive breast cancer. There are now treatments that can target this type of breast cancer, and the prognosis has greatly improved as a result.

I'm using breast cancer as an example because, so far, we don't really have that kind of success story for FL. There aren't any reliable biomarkers to guide research and treatment. 

And that's what this research is hoping to do -- identify biomarkers that can distinguish different subtypes of Follicular Lymphoma.

The early results of the research look good, hough, as I'll explain, I'm still a little skeptical.

(And this is a good time to give you the reminder that I give to you frequently -- I am not an oncologist or a cancer biologist. I'm just a Cancer Nerd -- a patient who reads a lot. Keep that in mind, always.)

The researchers looked at 131 samples from FL patients from China and conducted Whole-Genome Sequencing (mapping out the entire DNA of each sample so they could be compared to one another to see how they were specifically different from one another). They determined that there were 3 different subtypes, based on differences in the DNA. Recognizing that there are possible differences based on geography, they repeated the same process with 227 samples from outside China, and found the same results.

At the risk of being too general, I'm not going to get too heavily into the details of what they found. Genetics is fascinating, and if you want a deep but understandable introduction, I recommend The Gene: An Intimate History, by the oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee. If I got too much into the details of the genes, I'd mix up you and me both. Here's a sample from the article: "K1 is related to the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity and is enriched in activation B cell-like (ABC) DLBCL, whereas K2 is associated with POLH activity and is enriched in GCB-like DLBCL.The majority of the kataegis events were concentrated in specific genomic regions, notably the IGH, IGK, and IGL genes, along with the transcription start site (TSS)-proximal regions of genes such as BCL2, BCL6, BCL7A, CXCR4, and BTG2." I lost track myself of which gene or protein they're talking about.

More important are the results -- the three subtypes that they are proposing.

They call them C1, C2, and C3.

C1 is high grade (fairly aggressive) but has a ow risk of POD24 (the disease returning within 24 months after successful treatment), and has a good Progression Free survival (a long time between treatments). 

C2 is low grade (less aggressive, probably more likely to watch and wait), with low chance of POD24, and moderate PFS. 

C3 is high grade, with a high chance of POD24, and poor PFS.

Looking at those differences on the surface, they seem to capture FL patients pretty well. It's a heterogeneous disease.

The details of how they got to these three categories are interesting, though pretty dense. They provide a very convenient chart in the article (Figure 7, if you want to take a look yourself).

 Each of the three types has its own biomarkers. C1, for example, is more likely to have BCL6, or the B Cell Lymphoma 6 gene (as well as a few others). There seem to be differences in the Tumor Micro-Environment for each type as well (this is what is happening in the area around the cancer cell, which can be just as important as the cancer cell itself). C1, for example, tends to have "hot" tumors, meaning there are lots of immune cells in the tumor. This means it is more likely to respond well to immune therapies, for example.

The summary for all of this is that the researchers did a bunch of different tests on the genome to figure out which genes were different and why that mattered, and then suggested that certain treatments would work on the different subtypes based on those differences. C1 may respond well to PI3K inhibitors, BTK inhibitors, IRF4 inhibitors, and immune therapies. C2 may respond well to BCL2 and EZH2 inhibitors. C3 may respond to PI3K, BTK, IRF4 inhibitors, but not immune therapies.

It's all very encouraging. The testing they did was pretty extensive, and the fact that they tested it on a second cohort helps to make their results more encouraging still. 

But as I said, I'm skeptical. Maybe "skeptical" is the wrong word here. I don't doubt their results. But I've been following the search for FL biomarkers for 15 years, and I haven't seen any real results yet. Maybe this will be the one that gives it to us? Or at least moves us on that path?

As a start, it's going to take a much larger sample with the same results to really get the attention of the Lymphoma community. Then there will have to be actual trials, where a large number of FL patients are divided into subtypes, and then treatments are given to them based on their subtype to see if, for example, the EZH2 inhibitors really do work better than an immune therapy for the C2 patients. 

It's going to take come time to test all of this out. Years.

But that's OK. I can wait.

I am encouraged by it, and hopeful. It all makes sense. Some patients in a trial respond really well to a treatment, and some don't respond at all. They were all put into the trial based on having some things in common. But maybe the traits that they have in common aren't the ones that matter. Maybe this research has identified the things that really do matter.

I'll definitely keep an eye on this one. It's been published in a peer-reviewed journal, so it has been seen by other experts, which means it is less likely to be presented at a conference like ASCO or ASH. But an update to the research cold be presented there. 

I'll keep looking. You keep hoping. 

 

 

Oncologist Appointment

I had a 6 month oncologist appointment today. Everything looks good.

**********

A quick comment before I get to the details of the appointment. 

When I came out the office, I had a text waiting from my wife. I responded, and also let her know that everything looked good on the cancer front. My kids were 6, 8, and 10 when I was diagnosed. They're 24, 26, and 28 now. But even when they were small, my wife and I made it a point to be completely honest with them. We knew that if we hid anything from them, even small kids were going to figure out something was wrong, and probably imagine the something even worse than the truth. So the Full Transparency Policy has staid in effect. I text them after each appointment.

But then as I was walking to my car, I thought I should tell my kids the good news, too. I started to text them, and stopped myself. What I started to say was "I had an oncologist appointment this morning. Everything looks fine."

But here's the thing -- they didn't know I had an appointment. So even the small shock they might in that little space between "I had an oncologist appointment" and "Everything is fine" was something I wanted to avoid.

So I flipped it and reversed it, as Missy Elliott would say. "Everything was fine at my oncologist appointment this morning." Start with the good news. Don't leave them guessing.

And yes, I know I don't start with the god news when I write to you all, like I did with this post. But I know you're living with this every day. You can handle it.

I'm always fascinated by the ways we use language to talk about cancer. Maybe I was overthinking that text to my kids. But I know how much impact words can have sometimes. 

**********

Back to the appointment.

As usual, my 6 month appointment involved blood work, a physical exam, and my own reporting on how I was feeling.

I'm feeling fine, at least as far as cancer goes. No new swollen nodes, which the doctor confirmed with his exam, and no B symptoms. My bloodwork is normal.

We always have a good chat about what's going on in our lives, since there aren't too many health concerns to get into. We talked about travel, and our separate experiences in Philadelphia and Syracuse (my wife and I visited both places this summer). The doctor recommended a good Barbecue place in Syracuse -- we somehow always end up talking about smoked meat.

As far as my cancer goes, he said it was "remarkable" that I have gone 15 years with just the Rituxan. He thinks there is a chance that I won't ever need treatment again. (That's a wonderful thought, and while I try to live my life as if that was the case, I also refuse to believe that it's true.) Interestingly, he said that if I had signs of lymphoma again, he would want to basically start from scratch -- doing a biopsy and everything else at diagnosis to know for sure if it was Follicular Lymphoma. That makes sense, and it's what I assumed would happen. But this is the first time he's kind of suggested that it might not be FL, if I do get another diagnosis.

As always, I asked if there was anything new and exciting with treatments. He is still very excited about bispecifics. He said they working very well for a lot of patients, though there are still concerns about side effects. When a patient is treated with bispecifics at the cancer center that I go to, they are admitted to the hospital, in case there are any problems. He thinks newer generations of bispecifics will be safer, with fewer severe side effects. This will make them more widely available, with treatment in a doctor's office and not in a hospital. Very interesting.

So that's my update. I'm still healthy, as far as Lymphoma goes. My wife ad kids have been informed. Traffic and the parking garage at the cancer center are still awful. My doctor is great but sometimes forgets to put in the blood work order. Overall, everything looks good.

We're in the summer doldrums when it comes to Lymphoma research. All the good stuff was presented at ASCO in June. I'll keep looking for good things to share. If I can't find anything soon, I may have to start sharing pictures of my dog instead.

Stay well.

Epcoritamab + R-Squared: Interim Results

The makers of the bispecific Epcoritamab just issued a press releasewith some interim results from the phase 3 clinical trial for Epcoritamab and R-Squared (Revilid + Rituxan) for Relapsed/Refractory patients with Follicular Lymphoma. The press release points out some very good news. The combination has an Overall Respose Rate of 95.7%, an improvement over R-Squared alone (which has an ORR of 89%). It also had a higher Progression Free Survival; it "reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 79%."

The plan is to present the results at the ASH conference in December, where they will present all of the data. The FDA agreed to a priority review of the combination last month, meaning they should issue a ruling by November 30 (which would be before the ASH conference).

All of this sounds great, but I have some questions. And, to be clear, I'm not suggesting anybody is doing anything wrong.

Te press release gives very little detail. And there's a good reason for this -- they're holding off on releasing any details until the ASH conference, which makes sense. This is a "scheduled interim analysis," meaning they had planned to look at the results they had so far at this point in the trial. Because they haven't competed the trial, they don't want to give too much detail yet.

The other side to all of this is that they need to keep investors happy. A little good news will do that, and a fairly general statement with some plans for the future won't hurt either.

But for me, it all raises more questions than it provides answers. Last year, there were some safety concerns about Epcoritamab, though they were explained by the trial taking place during the Covid pandemic, when some trial participants had lower immunity which caused some side effects. The press release here says that there were no new safety issues with this combination -- only the side effects that were already known for the three different elements. But if there were already some concerns, saying this doesn't really answer the initial questions about safety.

Again, I'm not saying anybody is doing anything wrong. For me, this isn't really an issue with Epcoritamab or its makers. It's more about frustration with the larger system for approving treatments, and the place of the patient in it all.

I'm looking forward to the ASH conference, so we can see more of the data that this FDA application is based on. I have little doubt that the data presented will be positive and encouraging for patients. I hope my questions and concerns are answered. I just wish that I didn't have to have so many of them along the way.

FL Community Podcast

As you know, I'm a big fan of  two things when it comes to Follicular Lymphoma -- getting as much good information as possible, and patients sharing their stories.

So I'm excited to let you know about a new podcast related to Follicular Lymphoma called The FL Community Podcast. It's made by FL patients, for FL patients (and anyone else ho wants to know more about the experience of living with the disease).

The hosts of the podcast are Nicky Greenhalgh and Paul Mollitt. Nicky started the Living with Follicular Lymphoma group on Facebook, and Paul started the related Facebook group for young adults. If you have watched the webinars from the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation, you've seen both of them featured as patient voices in the last few months. Nicky is a clinical nutritionist, specializing in working with patients with cancer, and Paul is a psychotherapist. So they're bringing both personal experience and professional expertise to this podcast. Expect a lot of talk about some of the survivorship issues that have been so important to me lately -- mental health, nutrition, exercise, etc. 

The first episode focuses on "Initial Diagnosis," and their guest is Nicola Attfield. All three of them share their story of being diagnosed with FL, and the shock that came with it, and the emotions surrounding that diagnosis. Their experiences are different from one another, but recognizable to many of us. I won't get into detail, because I think it's important for you to listen for yourselves. It's about 49 minutes long, and worth the time.

As I said, I think sharing our stories with one another is really important. This podcast is different from a lot of what I usually share with you, which tends to focus on things like presentations at medical conferences or articles in medical journals. And obviously, that kind of information is important for us to have. It lets us informed conversations with our doctors.

But just as important is hearing from other patients. I think it helps us feel less alone. As unique as all of our stories are, there are many things that we share, too, and hearing that someone else was shocked at a diagnosis because they felt no symptoms, or that they feared for their kids, or that they went into a depression right afterwards -- it's comforting to know that someone else had that same experience.

I think it's fantastic that there are so many more accessible sources of information about Follicular Lymphoma like the FLF webinars and this podcast. When I was diagnosed 17 years ago, there was very little of this. I found a Non Hodgkims Lymphoma support group online, which was wonderful for me. The folks in the group had been diagnosed with many different kinds of NHL, including FL. But that led to some tension sometimes, too, as people brought up certain subjects that didn't pertain to everyone.

So at times, I was reluctant to share with the group, especially good news. My feeling was that if I had just had a diagnosiversary, it might make someone feel bad that I was doing well and they weren't. But what I found was the opposite -- when I shared that I had been diagnosed 5 years before, it made people happy to read. I was kind of a role model. People knew it was possible to make it to 5 years. 

So there are lots of reasons to share our stories. And this podcast will be a great way to do it.

So watch the first episode, and think about the kinds of subjects you'd like to hear them address. Their email is available by going to their channel's page. You can let them know what you'd like to hear more about.

I hope you enjoy the podcast, and continue to listen to them. I think it's going to be a very helpful thing for us all.

Looking Back

If you're on Facebook, you might have experienced its "memories" feature. Sometimes it will send you a notification letting you know that, for example, five years ago on this day, you posted something. And then it will share the post with you, and give you the option of sharing it on your page and making it public.

I rarely post on Facebook these, days, though I visit it pretty much every day. A few days ago, it gave me a "memory":

I remember this picture very well. It was taken at a family reunion in West Virginia 16 years ago, and the person whose face is blocked out is a family member that I enjoy spending time with a lot. It's a very happy memory (and not just because there is so much less white in my beard than there is now).

If you've been reading the blog for even a few months, you might know that I was diagnosed  with Follicular Lymphoma over 17 years ago. So this picture was taken about 18 months after my diagnosis.

When I got the memory from Facebook, I texted the person in the picture. "We look so young, " I said. "And I still have that shirt." She laughed and told me that she still had that blue hoodie. 

I was still watching and waiting. It was about 6 month before I started treatment. I've kept that shirt for so long because it has the name Jon Lester on the back. Lester was very important to me (and still is). He was a pitcher for my favorite team (I grew up in Boston), a Lymphoma survivor, but more importantly, he played a key role in helping me explain my diagnosis to my kids. My oldest has always been a baseball fan, and even at 10 years old, he knew about Jon Lester's cancer history. So when I was diagnosed, I told him that it was the same kind of cancer that Jon Lester had, and it helped him see things more positively. (Lester had a different, more aggressive type of Lymphoma, but the details didn't matter at that point. What mattered was that my son knew Lester had cancer, got treatment, and came back to help the Red Sox win the World Series in 2007. 

And if you want to now how important Jon Lester was to me, especially in the years right after diagnosis, then enter "Jon Lester" in the search box at the top of the blog. He shows up in 20 (now 21) different posts over the years.

I wore that shirt to all of my treatments, too. It was my uniform -- my red Jon Lester shirt, an orange long-sleeved "Life Is Good" shirt, an d a pair of dark blue Adidas sweat pants. Very comfortable. And I still have all three items of clothing. I remember going back to the oncologist's office for a follow-up visit soon after I was finished treatment, and having to use the bathroom in the treatment room. I had just come from work, so I was dressed a little better than my old shirts and baggy seat pants. I saw my treatment room nurse and she didn't recognize me. That tells you how sloppy I looked in my treatment uniform. But I was comfortable.

**********

Memories are a funny thing. And I don't just mean the Facebook kind. It's very easy to see a photo from 16 years ago and remember the great things. Long conversations with a favorite family member. White water rafting on the New River. Massive games of touch football and wiffle ball. Hanging out in a hot tub after the kids are in bed. Looking at that picture brings back all of those wonderful memories and more from our week in West Virginia. 

But not all memories are happy ones, and goodness knows those of who have been diagnosed with cancer have some not-so-happy ones. 

It's tempting to tell you to ignore the bad ones and focus on the good ones.

I certainly have been doing that here. I didn't mention the speeding ticket I got, or the sheer panic we felt when our raft tipped over and our 7 year old starting floating down the river on her own, or the fights between family members that week.

And as happy as my Jon Lester shirt makes me feel now, I didn't mention that I was wearing it when I had an allergic reaction to my first dose of Rituxan. Or when I would lie in bed after I got home from treatment, clutching my stomach from the horrible sharp pain I'd feel afterwards, until I feel asleep from exhaustion. Or the deep depression I felt, starting a few days after I invoked Jon Lester's name to my baseball-loving son, wondering what would happen to him if I wasn't around.

I don't think we should forget those things. 

Not because they were in any way enjoyable. But because we're still here to remember them.

Our memories aren't just souvenirs of the past. They're reminders of all we've been through. And of all we are able to go through and still make it out to the other side. 

Don't forget the past. But don't dwell on it either. Treat your memories like an old t-shirt. Tuck them away in a drawer. But don't lose them. Don't forget they are there. 

Use them to remember just how strong you are.

EHA: BMS-986458 for Follicular Lymphoma

As I have mentioned before, late May and early June is typically a busy time for Follicular Lymphoma research, with presentations at ASCO. (Though this year was kind of a less busy year for FL). But soon after that, in mid-June, the European Hematalogical Association's conference on Lymphoma takes place in Lugano, Switzerland. I don't usually hear as much about that conference, so I don't write about it as much. But there have been some interesting results coming from it this year.

One presentation that I have seen several stories about was called "BMS-986458, A FIRST-IN-CLASS, BIFUNCTIONAL CEREBLON-DEPENDENT LIGAND-DIRECTED DEGRADER (LDD) OF B-CELL LYMPHOMA 6 (BCL6) IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: INITIAL PH 1 RESULTS."

The presentation describes the very early results of a phase 1 clinical trial, so there's certainly no guarantee that this research will ultimately be successful. (Remember that less than 10% of cancer treatments that enter clinical trials are eventually approved.) But it's a very different kind of treatment, and worth writing about and keeping an eye on.

The treatment is currently known as BMS-986458, though it will eventually have a name that's easier to remember if it keeps moving forward. BMS-986458 is "oral, highly selective bifunctional cereblon-dependent LDD of BCL6."

There's lots of unpack there.

First, let's look at the target for this treatment, BCL6. As the leader of this research says in an interview about the presentation, BCL6, short for B Cell Lymphoma 6, has been a target for Lymphoma researchers for a long time. It is a protein that is connected to the BCL6 gene. The main function of BCL6 is to make sure B Cells (the cells that are cancerous in FL) can change so they can recognize invaders like bacteria or viruses. The B Cells can recognize an invader, fight it off, and then die. But if something happens to BCL6, then the B Cells can grow without apoptosis -- the natural process that results in the cells dying. No dying means they continue to grow uncontrolled, and uncontrolled cells means cancer, in the case FL or Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma or some other kind of B Cell Lymphoma. 

So BMS-986458 is meant to find cancerous B Cells by focusing on the BCL6 protein. It "degrades" or breaks down that protein, and since that protein is necessary for cell growth, the result is apoptosis -- the cell dies the way it is supposed to.

In the small phase 1 study that is described in the EHA presentation, BMS-986458 was given to 22 patients, including 13 with DLBCL, 3 with high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements, and 5 with Follicular Lymphoma. A total of 13 patients were evaluated after a median of 2.4 months. 7 of them had a Partial Response and 3 had a Complete Response to the treatment. 

The primary goal of a phase 1 treatment, however, is to evaluate safety -- to figure out the best dose of a treatment while causing the fewest side effects. Safety was good -- there were no grade 3 or greater Adverse Events, which is very encouraging. However, one patient had to leave the trial because it seemed to affect a different health issue and another had to have the dose reduced because of side effects. In all 4 of the patients who were not evaluated had to leave the study because of adverse events/side effects. 

The early results are very interesting. Definitely worth keeping track of. The lead researcher said in that interview that combining BMS-986458 with bispecifics or monoclonal antibodies seems like a logical next step, since the combination would work against the cancer cells in different, hopefully complimentary ways.

But they are very early results. Lots can happen as the trials move forward. But it's good to be hopeful.

FLF Webinar: Charting our Progress Towards a Cure

The Follicular Lymphoma Foundation held a webinar a couple of weeks ago called "Charting our Progress Towards a Cure." It's an excellent webinar -- lots of information and lots of things to think about. 

The webinar provides some updates on FL research from a symposium that the Foundation sponsored at the 18th International Conference of Malignant Lymphoma (ICML) in Lugano, Switzerland last month. The ICML is one of the most important Lymphoma conferences in the world, and for the last few years, the FLF has held an event like this that provides up-to-date information for doctors about Follicular Lymphoma. 

Among the topics that the Expert Speaker, Prof. Jessica Okosun of Barts Cancer Institute in the UK, discusses are CAR-T, Bispecifics, and combinations that use multiple treatments together to target the FL cells in lots of different ways. The goal is to give patients the longest Progression Free Survival possible.

Prof. Okosun gives a very optimistic overview of several newer treatments and treatments in trials now. There are enough newer treatments in the pipeline, she says, that in 5 to 10 years, we may not even be using traditional chemotherapy or Rituxan anymore. There may be enough advances that these "old" treatments have been surpassed by newer, more effective and safer treatments.

And that brings up an important topic, and really the focus of the webinar -- the idea of curing Follicular Lymphoma. It's a controversial topic, in some ways. FL is still considered by many to be incurable, which means there are lots of treatments that can put the disease into remission or partial remission or keep it stable, but not necessarily wipe it out permanently. Individuals might be "cured," but not enough patients are in that situation that the entire disease is considered curable. 

When I say the idea of a cure is controversial, I mean that there are disagreements about whether or not that's true. There are some experts that say patients can be cured outright. There are others that speak about a "functional cure," meaning that a patient might not be technically cured, but are living with the disease for many years (perhaps the rest of their lives) without needing treatment.  

Part of what makes this all so difficult is that we can't say for sure what the future holds. We don't know if the disease will come back for any individual. I'll give a very personal example -- me. I haven't needed treatment in 15 years. But I also haven't had a scan in many years, and the last time I had one, there was still some evidence of the disease being present. Am I cured? Was this a "functional cure," since I'm living for so long without treatment? 

Personally, I don't consider myself "cured." It's always in the back of my mind that it might come back. 

But I live my life in many ways as if I'm cured. I have long-term plans for my life. I don't act like it's going to come back, even if I acknowledge the possibility. I think it's a good way to live.

In addition to the Expert Speaker, the webinar also features a patient speaker, Paul Christopher Mollitt. He does an excellent job of talking about what a cure would mean to him, and also talks about how he has made treatment decisions since her was diagnosed in 2017. (And he let viewers know that he was recently declared in remission after Bendamustine and Rituxan!!!!)

There's a third speaker for the webinar, Dr. Mitchell Smith, the Chief Medical Officer for the Follicular Lymphoma Foundation. If you've attended or watched these webinars, you know what an excellent job he does of moderating the discussion, connecting ideas from the speakers, and answering questions. 

There's a lot more detail in this webinar, especially about some of the very interesting research that came out of the ICML conference. It's certainly worth spending the hour or so that it takes to watch the entire thing. Lots of good information, and lots of reasons to be hopeful. 

 

Two Upcoming Webinars

I like to highlight webinars or other educational events that I think will be useful to us, and the Lymphoma Research Foundation has a couple of events coming up that are worth highlighting.

The first one is happening next Tuesday (July 22) at 1:00pm Eastern. It's called "Understanding Immunotherapy for Lymphoma (CAR T-Cell Therapy, Bispecific Antibodies, & Antibody-Drug Conjugates)." The webinar will give an overview of Immunotherapies; discuss when Immunotherapies are appropriate; look at Clinical Trials; and give advice about managing side effects. There will be time for questions and answers.

The webinar will be run by two Lymphoma experts, Dr. Samuel Yamshon of Weill Cornell and Dr. Justin Kline of The University of Chicago.

You can register for the webinar here.  This isn't specific to Follicular Lymphoma, but it should give a good overview of some of the treatments that Follicular Lymphoma experts seem to be most excited about. 

A second LRF event is also not specifically about Follicular Lymphoma, but might also be useful to many of us.  It's called "Ask the Doctor About Lymphoma: Information for Relapsed/Refractory Patients," and it's happening Wednesday, July 30 from 4:00 to 6:00pm ET.

LRF's "Ask the Doctor" series is just what it sounds like. It begins with a presentation from a Lymphoma expert, giving information about a topic (in this case, Relapsed/Refractory Lymphoma, with a focus on symptoms, treatment options, and what to ask your health care team). But "Ask the Doctor" sessions are twice as long as the other webinars, and spend much more time on Questions and Answers. So this is an excellent opportunity to get specific information from an expert.

The expert who will presenting and answering questions is Dr. Boyu Hu of the University of Utah. You can register for the Ask the Doctor event here.

(And for those of you who have not yet had treatment, and feel like you're missing out, there's an Ask the Doctor event for you next month -- "Ask the Doctor About Lymphoma: Information for Newly Diagnosed Patients." Read more about it here.)

I hope you find this information useful. 

Keep learning and stay well.